In one of the hustle and bustle, not only can taste and appreciate the fine texture of the ochre, exquisite carving skills, unique calligraphy and painting creativity, but also explore the bearing, accumulation and microcosm of traditional culture.
In the fall, for the modern people, a square stone on the grandfather's bookshelf has been created. In ancient times, the collapse of the platform may save people from fire and water. It is said that in the end of the Tang Dynasty, a person from Duanzhou, who was surnamed Liang, went to Beijing to take the test. Who knows, on the day of the test, the city was covered with snow and snow, and the temperature plummeted. At that time, the candidates needed to use ink sticks to grind into ink to write, the weather was cold, and the ink quickly became ice and could not be used. The hometown brought by the Liangju people is amazing, and the ink that is ground does not freeze, so he can continue to use it. After a while, the weather was colder, and the water droplets used for grinding ink became ice. The Liangju people cried in the panic and said: "There is a collapse of the Taiwanese. People say that you are one of the four treasures of the study. Where is your treasure now?" Knowing that the platform is as understood, there is a layer of water vapor in the middle. So Liang Juren kept yelling at the squatting, suffocating into ink, and finally completed the exam.
Pen, ink, paper, and enamel are known as the four treasures of the study. In addition to paper, the ring, brush and ink in the four treasures of the study have almost disappeared into our daily lives. Although it ranks the last in the four treasures of the Wenfang, it is one of the most durable ones because of its solid texture. Pen, not durable, old not in the book; paper, long time is crisp, difficult to use; ink, Chen long lost glue, easy to break. Sambo, it’s been a long time. Only sturdy, the material is sturdy, it is difficult to damage, but it remains as it was in the ages.
Looking back at the history of China for five thousand years, Fujian and Taiwan have always been born together. So far, the earliest unearthed plaque was a stone sarcophagus unearthed in the Jiangzhai site in Linyi County, Shaanxi Province. The expert identification was made during the period of the Yangshuo dynasty during the matriarchal clan period. It has a history of 5,000 years.
The downfall is actually evolved from a grinder. The nature of the original grinder is similar to that of a food grinder that appeared in the same period. It can grind and finely grind colored materials with different colors and sizes to make them a pigment for writing.
Yan Tong Research, its biggest role is to study ink. In the Han Dynasty, Liu Xi wrote in the "Release of the Names and Interpretations of the Book": "ç š, ç ”ä¹Ÿ, ç ”å¢¨ä½¿å’Œæ¿¡ä¹Ÿ." In the Han Dynasty, Xu Shen explained the ç š in "Said Wen Jie Zi": " Oh, the stone is slippery."
From the day of the birth of ç š, its role is to ink. "The hundred workers use the first thing," one side, the most important thing is practical. Even the rice bran, who loves the stone, is also in the middle of his "History". "Stone haircuts are on the top, the color is second, the shape is crafted, and secondly, the algae is decorated, although natural, it is used."
Gradually, with the development and progress of civilization, the art of painting and calligraphy has gradually prospered, and the collapse of the gull-water has evolved from a tool to a work of art treasured by literati. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the role of ç š was beyond the scope of stationery.
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Since ancient times, Fujian and Taiwan have been loved by scholars of the past dynasties and are regarded as treasures by collectors. The anecdote of rewarding, giving, storing, and curbing is endless and popular.
The great painter of the Song Dynasty, Mi Fu, has a wide range of hobbies. In addition to poetry and calligraphy, I also like curious stone. Rice bran is also very fascinating for Ishigaki. Once, Mi Fu got a piece of Duanshi Mountain, which resembled a undulating peak, which was very beautiful. Mi Fu loved it and let him fall asleep for three days. He also invited his friend Su Dongpo to make a name for it.
Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, he has been divided into smiths and scribes. As the name suggests, craftsmanship refers to the craftsmanship of the workers who make up the downfall, while the scribes refer to the downfall of the inkmakers who are doing or designing their own interests.
The craftsman is awkward, from the hands of the craftsman, craftsmanship, meticulous and meticulous, but may be less creative, more will depict auspicious patterns or flowers and birds. In ancient times, many craftsmen did not read many books. Therefore, there was no such thing as the ones they made.
As the saying goes, Wufu Baojian, literati treasure. "The literati has a flaw, and the beauty of the mermaid is also the mirror, the most blind in life." The martyr's downfall is the literati's own creativity, so although the patterns and carvings are also there, the poetry and the inscriptions occupy a lot of space. .
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, He Wei’s "Spring Festival Ji Wen" recorded an interesting story of Mi Fu. One day, Song Huizong called Rice 芾 as his calligraphy, and Mi Sui saw a name on the table of the emperor, and he thought of it. As soon as I finished writing the words, Mi Fu was on the stage and asked for it in the temple: "This ç š ç š æ¿¡ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ††††††††††††††††††††††††It is not enough to use it, so please ask the emperor to give me the ring. The emperor of course saw his mind and agreed. Mi Fu won this treasure, but also feared the emperor to repent, hurriedly holding the ring, even the clothes were black. Song Huizong sighed and said: "The name is not bad."
ç š not only records the history of the Chinese nation, but also has a unique national style and regional characteristics. The craftsman is also precious to what he does.
Su Dongpo has a famous name, and he likes it very much. This is a good one, and it is described as "sound as copper, color as iron. Slip and strong, good for ink." Su Dongpo also made a poem: "The wreckage is broken and the shackles are smashed, and the rule is beautiful. There is no such thing as Zhen Zhen’s early sale, black eyebrows and yellow eyes contend. Su Zi sees the famous Fengwei, sitting order After the dragon tail is shy cow." The last sentence means that this makes the dragon tail treasures become a common product. It’s just a joke to think of Su Dongpo. However, for the craftsmen, the words like the words of their own poetry are cherished, of course, do not want to hear such words. Therefore, when Su Dongpo went to Qixian County to seek the dragon's tail, the monks remembered their praise for Fengqi, so he satirized Su Dongpo and said, "Why don't you make Fengshi?" Su Dongpo wanted to make a dragontail, so he had to find another Trail.
History
Enjoy a party and know a history.
On the one hand, the changes in the material of Fujian and Taiwan reflect the advancement of science and technology. More importantly, the combination of painting, calligraphy and other art enriches the information of the dynasty culture, economy and even aesthetics of the Chinese nation. In one of the hustle and bustle, not only can taste and appreciate the fine texture of the ochre, exquisite carving skills, unique calligraphy and painting creativity, but also explore the bearing, accumulation and microcosm of traditional culture.
In the era of peace and prosperity, the mountains and rivers were carved on the platform, and in the era of war, the patriotic feelings were carved on the ring. In the Southern Song Dynasty, where the national heroes came forth, Yue Fei, Lu You, and Wen Tianxiang all carved civilizations on the ring. Yue Fei engraved the words "holding the strong, keeping the white, not phosphorus, and not swearing" in the end. It means that the will to fight against Kim Jong-kook will never change, and will never be in the same league as the surrender.
In the Han Dynasty, the society was stable and the economy was prosperous. Calligraphy, painting and stone carving were among the most prosperous periods in the history of our country. The Hantai had undergone tremendous changes in the Han Dynasty, from the initial simple tools to the handicrafts with ornamental value. During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the regime changed frequently, and the war was repeated. When people are guilty, few people can calm down and concentrate on painting and calligraphy. However, because of the widespread use of paper and its matching, the platform has also been promoted. In addition to Tao Shu and Shi Jie, porcelain enamel appeared in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. In the Datong North Wei Sima Jinlong Tomb of Shanxi Province, one side of the map is square, four squares, and the sides and four sides are covered with embossed patterns, including figures, beasts, birds, dragons and so on. Its pattern is very similar to the Han Dynasty stone carving, with a strong texture.
The Sui and Tang Dynasties were a peak in the development of the Shu culture. Because of the developed economy, cultural undertakings have also prospered. Moreover, the policy of “taking the book to take the official†implemented by the Tang Dynasty encouraged talents to enter the literature and stimulated the development of calligraphy art. People's requirements for the downfall have also risen from the original solid and beautiful, to more detailed ink, less damage and other effects. Therefore, the enamel and shape of the Sui and Tang Dynasties have also undergone tremendous changes.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the craftsmanship process was rapidly diversified, and the types of coffins were more than the previous generation. Among the four famous names, Duan and Yi appeared in the Tang Dynasty. Duanqi is named after the stone produced in Duanzhou's Duanxi. Li He Shiyun, a poet of the Tang Dynasty: "The Duanzhou stoneworker is as good as God, stepping on the knife and cutting the purple cloud." Song Jiucheng, a famous poet of the Song Dynasty, praised the poem: "The end of the ancient sacred sacred sacred, the purple flower is half-spitted in the rainbow." Longwei Mountain in Cangzhou between Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province and Tianmu Mountain and Baiji Mountain is also called Longtail Stone.æ™ç š æ™ç š å‘ å‘ ã€ ã€ ã€ ã€ æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š æ™ç š
In the Song Dynasty, the policy of re-invigorating and suppressing the military was adopted. At the same time, the economic and cultural prosperity was unprecedented, which made the culture of ç š once again leap-forward. From the style of the Song dynasty, it can be seen that the Emperor will be in the same phase, and the literati will be fascinated by the wind and snow. This feature is also reflected in the sculpture manufacturing of Fujian and Taiwan. The Song Dynasty paid much attention to the texture of the meteorite, which may be derived from the delicate mind and emotion of the literati. Song Yu's style is characterized by thin and restrained, introverted, cold and sturdy, and the wind is steep, and its mainstream shape is a copy of the handcuffs.
The earliest four famous names were established in the Song Dynasty, when Red Silk was among them. In the Song Dynasty, Su Yijian summed up in "The Spectrum": there are more than forty varieties, with Qingzhou Red Silk as the first, Duanzhou Axe Keshan Stone as the second, Zhangzhou Longwei Stone as the third, and Gansu Weihe Stone as the fourth. Later, due to the broken red stone, the red silk was replaced by the muddy scorpion, and the four famous scorpions became the scorpion, scorpion, scorpion, and sap.
The status of the four famous monks was consolidated in the Ming Dynasty. Although the Ming Dynasty also produced a variety of materials such as copper enamel, porcelain enamel, hibiscus, but because of the wide source of stone enamel materials, and unique personality, so the literati yaszhong likes most of the sarcophagus, among the four famous names, the most popular value.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the technology of the sputum was becoming more and more mature, the craftsmanship became more and more refined, and the types of stones available for use were also increasing. The meaning of the martial arts was also changed. The downfall is no longer just a tool for splashing ink, but also a plaything on the desk. The style of the Ming Dynasty was dignified and heavy, and the ornamentation was not very beautiful. The literati's poems and inscriptions were popular in the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, the artistic value of Fujian and Taiwan gradually surpassed its use value, and the collection of Fujian and Taiwan has become a weapon of the nobles and nobles. This is exactly the case. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the carvings of the Fujian and Taiwan are exquisitely crafted, beautiful and unique, and are loved by collectors.
In the Qing Dynasty, the coffin industry was even stronger. In addition to the materials already in the previous generation, the coffins used also appeared in precious materials such as crystal, lacquer sand, jade, ivory and glass. In the Qing Dynasty, the pattern on the platform was more extensive, and the flowers and trees, famous calligraphy, and seal inscriptions were all carved on the raft. In the Qing Dynasty, the carvings were combined with various carving techniques from ancient times, intertwined, and the carvings were meticulous, and the carved figures and animals were vivid, the sun and the moon were magnificent, and the flowers and trees were vivid. In the Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong eras, the styles inherit the advantages of the past, the styles are diverse, and the materials are widely used, which is the favorite of the loved ones.
The earliest fossils appeared in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. At that time, some scholars used Swallow Stone to make scorpions. The so-called Swallow Stone is the fossil of the Cambrian trilobite. The shape and texture of the trilobite fossils are unique, the charm is unique, and the stone is easy to ink, which is deeply cherished by the book.
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The materials of the enamel are numerous, and the materials that can be applied are all tried by the literati. However, the longest use time, the most widely used, the largest number, and the ones that have been used until now are still stone enamel.
At first, the stone used for making the enamel was not particularly particular. The ancients picked up a good stone and could use it for sputum. Legend has it that during the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang settled in southern Xinjiang in May, and set up camp in the narrow narrow crossing. This place is a meteorite producing area. One day, Zhuge Liang picked up a stone with seven eyes at the water's edge. When he saw the fine stone, he used it in front of the account. This is one of the top ten famous monks.
After writing a must-have item, people's requirements for it are high. Then there is an industry that mines meteorites. Since ancient times, Ishigaki has gained too much love. However, everyone knows that it can be used and enjoyed, but it is not easy to know that the stone is coming. No matter what kind of meteorite, mining is very difficult. The mining of meteorites cannot be done by machinery. It can only be mined by hand. It is conceivable that under the ancient technical conditions, the hardships of quarry workers are difficult to estimate.
The mining of Duanxi meteorite is based on the growth of stone veins. At the beginning, it is mined on the surface of the mountain. As the gangue progresses into the mountains, it forms pits, some of which are hundreds of meters deep, due to the undulating changes of the stone veins. Not at the same level, the height difference between the hole and the bottom of the hole is several tens of meters. The mining of meteorites has high technical requirements for workers. If you can't see the stone walls and you can't touch the stone veins, you will make good coffins into waste products.
Since ancient times, the old potholes in Duanyu are mostly at the bottom of the stream, so mining can only be carried out in the winter. The quarry workers can only climb out naked and grow up. The sweat of the workers grinds the stone in the hole. When mining, take a worker every three feet, first use the water tank to pry the bottom of the water, and then cut the chisel out.
The mining of the Jinsha River meteorite in Sichuan is an open-pit mining. The main mining site is located on the cliffs along the Jinsha River. From the top of the mountain at an altitude of 2,300 meters, it takes more than half an hour to reach the four or five squares. On the surface, first remove and peel off the surface of the soil layer, weathering layer, and then one person to hold the steel braze, the other two with a sledgehammer to beat, a stone of the size of a bench to be beaten dozens of times to fall. The finely cracked waste must be removed in time. The selected stones gradually pile up the work surface, and there is no place to stand. Then the stones are carried with their backs and climbed along the cliffs and transported to the mountains.
In today's era, more people use hard pens to write words, and ink instead of using smashing ink, and cockroaches are far from life. Computers, printers, and signature pens have replaced office four treasures as office essentials and occupy the office.
However, the revival of Chinese studies and calligraphy will gradually lead to the return of the culture of Shu. In addition, in the art market, the auction prices of famous celebrities have repeatedly hit new highs. In 2007, in the Qing Dynasty, Yi Bingyu and other Ming Dadong Dong Duanqi auctioned for 968,000 yuan; in 2010, Kangxi Royal Songhua Shilong Maji sold for 4.456 million yuan; in the same year, "Qianlong Yuyong" Cheng Mufu Huhu and red sandalwood cover box It was sold at 14 million yuan.
Borrowing the words of Mei Mursheng, a well-known contemporary painter, sums up the value of ç š ç š ç š ç š 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作 制作It is used, and one side of the stone has accumulated a long history of history and culture. Whether it is used by the emperor or used by the literati, the history and stories behind it are always fascinating. A small meteorite is a small piece of history and culture that reflects and reveals the elegance of a period of culture."
Links · Four Names
Duan Yu, produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong. Its stone is dense, solid, delicate and moist, and the ink does not damage the pen. It can be used to grind ink and have colorful patterns. The stone eye of the end is a stone core that grows naturally on the meteorite like a pair of glasses. It is bright and beautiful, beautiful and lovely.
Hey, produced in Anhui Province. Its stone is tough, just not brittle, soft but not delicate, the color of Qianying, the texture is dense, long-wearing without powder, ink does not consume ink, does not absorb water, does not damage the pen. Completion according to the natural texture, according to the material knife, embossed, bas-relief, semi-circular carving, etc., the carving is fine, the shape is simple.
Hey, produced in Ganzhou, Gansu. The color of the stone is mostly duck head green and blue gray, the texture is silk, delicate as jade, and the color is cool and moist. Easy to ink, no damage, good water storage, easy to wash. The carving process is mostly hollow, especially with dragon as the theme, the pattern is complex and realistic, the theme is strong, and lifelike.
Cheng Muyu, produced in Luoyang, Henan. It is made by processing with special clay. Due to different burning process and time, it can be a variety of colors, some of which are multi-color, especially the carving technology, there are embossed, three-dimensional, half-tire, over-pass and other varieties. The texture of the muddy mud is delicate, the water is not stored, the ice is not ice, the ink is not damaged, the moisture is better than the water, and it is comparable to the stone.
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